The Living History Forum in Stockholm


The Living History Forum is a new, unusual, and unorthodox Swedish public authority in Stockholm with issues of tolerance, democracy, and human rights from both a national and international perspective. The Holocaust, crimes of communist regimes and other crimes against humanity are being dealt with. European citizens have to know the past to understand the … Read more » “The Living History Forum in Stockholm”

The Medieval Founding Fathers of Democracy


In 1376, Nicolas d' Oresme (1323-1382) illustrated and translated ThePolitica from Aristoteles iinto French for the Burgundian Duke Charles V. Photo: Bibliothèque Royale de Belgique (KBR 11201-02).

The Middle Ages appear in Latin in the fifteenth century as media tempestas. When Europeans use the term Middle Ages, they mean a dark period between the Roman Empire and the Renaissance. The scheme comes from the Italian humanist Francesco Petrarca (1304-1374). He promoted a renewed interest in classical literature and society, which was supposed to … Read more » “The Medieval Founding Fathers of Democracy”

The Divine Spark and the Soul of Europe


'The Cheeky Chick', cartoon from 1878, depciting Romania and Bulgaria emerging from an egg called Treaty of Berlin. Source: R. Aldrich (Ed.)The Age of Empires(London 2007)

Byzantium, renamed Constantinople in 330 and Istanbul in 1930, has always been a meeting place and a centre for cultural encounters. The site, which has been occupied since the Neolithic period, around 8000 B.C., became a focal point because of its location between Europe and Asia, separated by the Bosporus. Byzantium was founded by the … Read more » “The Divine Spark and the Soul of Europe”

Medieval and Modern Pilgrimage


The modern taste for souvenirs is strikingly close to the collecting instincts of Christian pilgrims. Auctions of belongings of famous movie stars, the pilgrimage status of the tomb of Elvis Presley, the football shoes of the legendary Pelé or a simple talisman share the same feelings and beliefs. Christian martyrs were the first saints and … Read more » “Medieval and Modern Pilgrimage”

The Scandinavian Homer


W.G. Collingwood (1854 - 1932), translation of Sæmund's Edda (1908). The god Odin hangs in the tree, having sacrificed himself. Photo: Wikipedia.

Geographically, Ancient Greece, ancient Rome and Scandinavia are not that far apart. The expeditions of Greek armies, colonists and traders and Roman ventures exceeded the frontiers of Asia. Roman expeditions reached the shores of Denmark in the age of August, the first Roman emperor. Greek and Roman artefacts, coins and military equipment have been found … Read more » “The Scandinavian Homer”